SOFTSKILL - KOPERASI

Disusun oleh:

Muhammad Wachid Agung Laksono

16213171

2EA29

Questions.

v  [1. 0] Pengertian Koperasi

v  [1. 1] Penerapan koperasi di Indonesia

v  [2. 0] Tatacara pembuatan atau pendirian koperasi

v  [3. 0] Resume pembahasan materi pertemuan di kelas minggu lalu

Answers.

[1. 0]  Koperasi, Badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang seorang atau badan

hukum koperasi dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat yang berdasarkan atas asas kekeluargaan.

[1. 1]  Ada pula penerapan Koperasi di Indonesia dengan prinsip-prinsip sebagai

Berikut:

1	Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela dan terbuka,
2	Pengelolaan dilakukan secara demokratis,
3	Pembagian SHU dilakukan secara adil sebanding dengan besarnya jasa masing-masing anggota,
4	Pembagian balas jasa yang terbatas terhadap modal,
5	Kemandirian,
6	Pendidikan perkoperasian,
7	Kerjasama antar koperasi.

Pembahasan Poin Yang Tidak Dijalankan:

·         Kemandirian, karena koperasi di Indonesia adalah konsep koperasi Negara berkembang maka didalam koperasi masih ada campur tangan pemerintah pusat atau daerah. 

·         Pendidikan Perkoperasian, untuk sejauh ini masih cukup sulit untuk mendapat informasi yang ter-update mengenai perkembangan koperasi baik seminar atau jurnal, untuk itu pendidikan perkoperasian sementara sulit untuk berkembang.  

·         Kerjasama Antar Koperasi, sampaian ini kerjasama koperasi hanya dengan masyarakat sekitar, UKM, dan pemerintah saja, tidak dengan kerjasama lintas koperasi.  

·         Transaksi Usaha Dilakukan secara Tunai, tidak selamanya transaksi usaha dilakukan secara tunai, dapat berupa dialihkan kepada simpan, atau pemotongan hutang Anggota.  

[2. 0]

Suatu koperasi hanya dapat didirikan bila memenuhi persyaratan dalam mendirikan koperasi.  Syarat-syarat pembentukan koperasi berdasarkan Keputusan Menteri Negara Koperasi Dan Usaha Kecil Dan Menengah Republik Indonesia Nomor: 104.1/Kep/M.Kukm/X/2002 Tentang Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Pembentukan, Pengesahan Akta Pendirian Dan Perubahan Anggaran Dasar Koperasi,  adalah sebagai berikut :

a.  Koperasi primer dibentuk dan didirikan oleh sekurang-kurangnya dua puluh orang yang mempunyai kegiatan dan kepentingan ekonomi yang sama;

b.  Pendiri koperasi primer sebagaimana tersebut pada huruf a adalah Warga Negara Indonesia, cakap secara hukum dan maupun melakukan perbuatan hukum;

c. Usaha yang akan dilaksanakan oleh koperasi harus layak secara ekonomi, dikelola secara efisien dan mampu memberikan manfaat ekonomi yang nyata bagi anggota

d.  Modal sendiri harus cukup tersedia untuk mendukung kegiatan usaha yang akan dilaksanakan oleh koperasi;

e.  Memiliki tenaga terampil dan mampu untuk mengelola koperasi.

Selain persyaratan diatas, perlu juga diperhatikan beberapa hal-hal penting yang harus diperhatikan dalam pembentukan koperasi yang dikemukakan oleh Suarny Amran et.al (2000:62) antara lain sebagai berikut :

a. Orang-orang yang akan mendirikan koperasi dan yang nantinya akan menjadi anggota koperasi hendaknya mempunyai kegiatan dan kepentingan ekonomi yang sama. Artinya tidak setiap orang dapat mendirikan dan atau menjadi anggota koperasi tanpa didasarkan pada adanya keje-lasan mengenai kegiatan atau kepentingan ekonomi yang akan dijalankan. Kegiatan ekonomi yang sama diartikan, memiliki profesi atau usaha yang sama, sedangkan kepentingan ekonomi yang sama diartikan memiliki kebutuhan ekonomi yang sama.

b.  Usaha yang akan dilaksanakan oleh koperasi harus layak secara ekonomi. Layak secara ekonomi diartikan bahwa usaha tersebut akan dikelola secara efisien dan mampu menghasilkan keuntungan usaha dengan mem-perhatikan faktor-faktor tenaga kerja, modal dan teknologi.

c.  Modal sendiri harus cukup tersedia untuk mendukung kegiatan usaha yang akan dilaksanakan oleh koperasi. Hal tersebut dimaksudkan agar kegiatan usaha koperasi dapat segera dilaksanakan tanpa menutup kemungkinan memperoleh bantuan, fasilitas dan pinjaman dari pihak luar.

d. Kepengurusan dan manajemen harus disesuaikan dengan kegiatan usaha yang akan dilaksanakan agar tercapai efektivitas dan efisiensi dalam pe-ngelolaan koperasi. Perlu diperhatikan mereka yang nantinya ditunjuk/ dipilih menjadi pengurus haruslah orang yang memiliki kejujuran, kemampuan dan kepemimpinan, agar koperasi yangdidirikan tersebut sejak dini telah memiliki kepengurusan

Setelah persyaratan terpenuhi para pendiri kemudian mempersiapkan hal-hal yang dibutuhkan untuk mengadakan rapat pembentukan koperasi,  setelah memiliki bekal yang cukup dan telah siap para pendiri melakukan rapat pembentukan koperasi yang dihadiri dinas koperasi dan pejabat lainnya, pendirian koperasi tidak sampai disana karena lembaga  koperasi yang telah didirikan perlu disahkan badan hukumnya. Penjelasan lebih lanjut mengenai tahapan-tahapan tersebut diuraikan di bawah ini :

A. Tahap Persiapan Pendirian Koperasi

Sekelompok orang bertekad untuk mendirikan sebuah koperasi terlebih dahulu perlu memahami maksud dan tujuan pendirian koperasi, untuk itu perwakilan dari pendiri dapat meminta bantuan kepada Dinas Koperasi dan UKM ataupun lembaga pendidikan koperasi lainnya untuk memberikan penyuluhan dan pendidikan serta pelatihan mengenai pengertian, maksud, tujuan, struktur organisasi, manajemen, prinsip-prinsip koperasi, dan prospek pengembangan koperasi bagi pendiri. Setelah mendapatkan penyuluhan dan pelatihan perkoperasian, para pendiri sebaiknya membentuk panitia persiapan pembentukan koperasi, yang bertugas :

a. Menyiapkan dan menyampaikan undangan kepada calon anggota, pejabat pemerintahan dan pejabat koperasi.

b. Mempersiapakan acara rapat.

c.  Mempersiapkan tempat acara.

d.  Hal-hal lain yang berhubungan dengan pembentukan koperasi.

B. Tahap Rapat Pembentukan Koperasi

Setelah tahap persiapan selesai dan para pendiri pembentukan koperasi telah memiliki bekal yang cukup dan telah siap melakukan rapat pembentukan koperasi. Rapat pembentukan koperasi harus dihadiri oleh 20 orang calon anggota sebagai syarat sahnya pembentukan koperasi primer. Selain itu, pejabat desa dan pejabat Dinas Koperasi dan UKM dapat diminta hadir untuk membantu kelancaran jalannya rapat dan memberikan petunjuk-petunjuk seperlunya.

Hal-hal yang dibahas pada saat rapat pembentukan koperasi , dapat dirinci sebagai berikut :

Pembuatan dan pengesahan akta pendirian koperasi , yaitu surat keterangan tentang pendirian koperasi yang berisi pernyataan dari para kuasa pendiri yang ditunjuk dan diberi kuasa dalam suatu rapat pembentukan koperasi untuk menandatangani Anggaran Dasar pada saat pembentukan koperasi.

Pembuatan Anggaran Dasar koperasi, yaitu pembuatan aturan dasar tertulis yang memuat tata kehidupan   koperasi yang disusun dan disepakati oleh para pendiri koperasi pada saat rapat pembentukan. Konsep Anggaran Dasar koperasi sebelumnya disusun oleh panitia pendiri, kemudian panitia pendiri itu mengajukan rancangan Anggaran Dasarnya pada saat rapat pembentukan untuk disepakati dan disahkan. Anggaran Dasar biasanya mengemukakan :

Nama dan tempat kedudukan, maksudnya dalam Anggaran Dasar tersebut dicantumkan nama koperasi yang akan dibentuk dan lokasi atau wilayah kerja koperasi tersebut berada.

Landasan, asas dan prinsip koperasi, di dalam Anggaran Dasar dikemukakan landasan, asas dan prinsip koperasi yang akan dianut oleh koperasi.

Maksud dan tujuan, yaitu pernyataan misi, visi serta sasaran pembentukan koperasi.

Kegiatan usaha, merupakan pernyataan jenis koperasi dan usaha yang akan dilaksanakan koperasi. Dasar penentuan jenis koperasi adalah kesamaan aktivitas, kepentingan dan kebutuhan ekonomi para anggotanya. Misalnya, koperasi simpan pinjam, koperasi konsumen, koperasi produsen, koperasi pemasaran dan koperasi jasa atau koperasi serba usaha.

Keanggotaan, yaitu aturan-aturan yang menyangkut urusan keanggotaan koperasi. Urusan keanggotaan ini dapat ditentukan sesuai dengan kegiatan usaha koperasi yang akan dibentuknya. Biasanya ketentuan mengenai keanggotaan membahas persyaratan dan prosedur menjadi anggota koperasi , kewajiban dan hak-hak dari anggota serta ketentuan-ketentuan dalam mengakhiri status keanggotaan pada koperasi.
Perangkat koperasi, yaitu unsur-unsur yang terdapat pada organisasi koperasi. Perangkat koperasi tersebut, sebagai berikut :

• Rapat Anggota. Dalam Anggaran Dasar dibahas mengenai kedudukan rapat anggota di dalam koperasi, penetapan waktu pelaksanaan rapat anggota, hal-hal yang dapat dibahas dalam rapat anggota, agenda acara rapat anggota tahunan, dan syarat sahnya pelaksanaan rapat anggota koperasi.
• Pengurus. Dalam Anggaran Dasar dijabarkan tentang kedudukan pengurus dalam koperasi, persyaratan dan masa jabatan pengurus, tugas, kewajiban serta wewenang dari pengurus koperasi.
• Pengawas. Dalam Anggaran Dasar dijabarkan tentang kedudukan pengawas dalam koperasi, persyaratan dan masa jabatan pengawas, tugas serta wewenang dari pengawas koperasi.
• Selain dari ketiga perangkat tersebut dapat ditambahkan pula pembina atau badan penasehat.

Ketentuan mengenai permodalan perusahaan koperasi, yaitu pembahasan mengenai jenis modal yang dimiliki (modal sendiri dan modal pinjaman), ketentuan mengenai jumlah simpanan pokok dan simpanan wajib yang harus dibayar oleh anggota.

Ketentuan mengenai pembagian Sisa Hasil Usaha (SHU), yaitu ketentuan yang membahas penjelasan mengenai SHU serta peruntukan SHU koperasi yang didapat.

Pembubaran dan penyelesaian, membahas tata-cara pembubaran koperasi dan penyelesaian masalah koperasi setelah dilakukan pembubaran. Biasanya penjelasan yang lebih rinci mengenai hal ini dikemukakan lebih lanjut dalam Anggaran Rumah Tangga atau aturan lainnya.

Sanksi-sanksi, merupakan ketentuan mengenai sanksi yang diberikan kepada anggota, pengurus dan pengawas koperasi, karena terjadinya pelanggaran-pelanggaran terhadap Anggaran Dasar atau aturan lain-nya yang telah ditetapkan.

Anggaran rumah tangga dan peraturan khusus, yaitu ketentuan-ketentuan pelaksana dalam Anggaran Dasar yang sebelumnya dimuat dalam Anggaran Dasar.

Penutup

c. Pembentukan pengurus, pengawas, yaitu memilih anggota orang-orang yang akan dibebani tugas dan tanggungjawab atas  pengelolaan, pengawasan di koperasi

d. Neraca awal koperasi, merupakan perincian posisi aktiva dan pasiva diawal pembentukan koperasi

e. Rencana kegiatan usaha, dapat berisikan latar belakang dan dasar pembentukan serta rencana kerja koperasi pada masa akan datang.

C. Pengesahan Badan Hukum

         Setelah terbentuk pengurus dalam rapat pendirian koperasi, maka untuk mendapatkan badan hukum koperasi, pengurus/pendiri/kuasa pendiri harus mengajukan permohonan badan hukum kepada pejabat terkait, sebagai berikut :  

a. Para pendiri atau kuasa pendiri koperasi terlebih dulu mengajukan   permohonan pengesahan akta pendirian secara

    tertulis kepada diajukan   kepada Kepala Dinas Koperasi dan Usaha Kecil Menengah, dengan  melampirkan :

1.   Anggaran Dasar Koperasi yang sudah ditandatangani pengurus rangkap dua, aslinya bermaterai)

2.   Berita acara rapat pendirian koperasi.

3.   Surat undangan rapat pembentukan koperasi

4.   Daftar hadir rapat.

5.   Daftar alamat lengkap pendiri koperasi.

6.   Daftar susunan pengurus, dilengkapi photo copy KTP (untuk KSP/USP dilengkapi riwayat hidup).

7.   Rencana awal kegiatan usaha koperasi.

8.  Neraca permulaan dan tanda setor modal minimal Rp.5.000.000 (lima juta rupiah) bagi koperasi primer dan Rp.15.000.000 (lima belas juta rupiah) bagi koperasi sekunder yang berasal dari simpanan pokok, wajib, hibah.

9.   Khusus untuk KSP/USP disertai lampiran surat bukti penyetoran modal sendiri minimal Rp. 15.000.000 (lima belas juta rupiah) bagi koperasi primer dan Rp.50.000.000 (lima puluh juta rupiah) bagi koperasi sekunder yang berupa deposito pada bank pemerintah.

10. Mengisi formulir isian data koperasi.

11. Surat keterangan dari desa yang diketahui oleh camat.

b. Membayar tarif pendaftaran pengesahan akta pendirian koperasi sebesar Rp. 100.000 (seratus ribu rupiah).

c. Apabila permintaan pengesahaan akta pendirian koperasi telah dilakukan sesuai dengan ketentuan di atas kepada pendiri atau kuasa pendiri diberikan bukti penerimaan.

d. Pejabat koperasi, yaitu Kepala Dinas Koperasi dan UKM akan memberikan pengesahaan terhadap akta koperasi apabila ternyata setelah diadakan penelitian Anggaran dasar koperasi.

-  tidak bertentangan dengan Undang-undang Nomor 25 tahun 1992 tentang perkoperasian, dan

-  tidak bertentangan dengan ketertiban umum dan kesusilaan.

e. Pejabat selambat-lambatnya 3 (tiga) bulan terhitung  sejak penerimaan permohonan pengesahan badan hukum dari koperasi yang bersangkutan harus telah memberikan jawaban pengesahannya. Tetapi biasanya proses pengesahan di dinas koperasi dapat selesai hanya dalam waktu 3 (tiga) minggu. 

f. Bila Pejabat berpendapat bahwa Akte Pendirian/Anggaran Dasar tersebut tidak bertentangan dengan ketentuan Undang-undang koperasi dan peraturan pelaksananya serta kegiatannya sesuai dengan tujuan, maka akte pendirian di daftar dengan nomor urut dalam Buku Daftar Umum. Kedua buah Akte Pendirian/Anggaran Dasar tersebut dibubuhi tanggal, nomor pendaftaran tentang tanda pengesahan oleh Pejabat a.n Menteri.

g. Tanggal pendaftaran akte Pendirian berlaku sebagai tanggal sesuai berdirinya koperasi yang mempunyai badan hukum, kemudian Pejabat  mengumumkan pengesahan akta pendirian di dalam Berita Negara Republik Indonesia

h. Buku Daftar Umum serta Akte-Akte salinan/petikan ART/AD Koperasi dapat diperoleh oleh pengurus koperasi dengan mengganti biaya fotocopy dan harus dilegalisir oleh Pejabat Koperasi yang bersangkutan. Biaya yang dikenakan untuk hal di atas adalah Rp. 25.000

i.  Dalam hal permintaan pengesahan akta pendirian ditolak, alasan penolakan diberitahukan oleh pejabat kepada para pendiri secara tertulis dalam waktu paling lambat 3 (tiga) bulan setelah diterimanya permintaan.

j. Terhadap penolakan pengesahan akta pendirian para pendiri dapat mengajukan permintaan ulang dalam waktu paling lama 1 (satu) bulan sejak diterimanya penolakan.

k. Keputusan terhadap pengajuan permintaan ulang diberikan dalam jangka waktu paling lama 1 (satu) bulan sejak diterimanya pengajuan permintaan ulang.

             Penandatanganan nota kesepahaman (MoU) antara Kementerian Koperasi dan UKM Republik Indonesia dengan Ikatan Notaris Indonesia pada tanggal 4 Mei 2004 dan Keputusan Menteri Koperasi dan UKM RI Nomor : 98/KEP/M.KUKM/IX/2004 tentang Notaris Sebagai Pembuat Akta Koperasi membuat perubahan dalam prosedur pendirian koperasi yaitu proses pembuatan akta pendirian, perubahan anggaran dasar, dan akta-akta lain berkaitan dengan koperasi sebagai badan hukum maka hal tersebut dilakukan dihadapan notaris. Hal ini dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan mutu pelayanan hukum kepada masyarakat.

             Berdasarkan Kepmen No.98 tahun 2004, prosedur pendirian koperasi yang melibatkan notaris di dalamnya, masih mengikuti prosedur yang ada, tetapi ada beberapa tahapan yang melibatkan notaris yaitu :

Rapat pembentukan koperasi selain mengundang minimal 20 orang calon anggota, pejabat desa, pejabat dinas koperasi hendaknya mengundang pula notaris yang telah ditunjuk pendiri koperasi, yaitu notaris yang telah berwenang menjalankan jabatan sesuai dengan jabatan notaris, berkedudukan di wilayah koperasi itu berada (dalam hal ini berkedudukan di Kabupaten Bandung), serta memiliki sertifikat tanda bukti telah mengikuti pembekalan di bidang perkoperasian yang ditandatangani oleh menteri koperasi dan UKM RI.

            Notaris yang telah membuat akta pendirian koperasi sesuai dengan peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku kemudian membacakan dan menjelaskan isinya kepada para pendiri, anggota atau kuasanya sebelum menanda-tangani akta tersebut. Kemudian akta pendirian koperasi yang telah dibuat notaris pembuat akta koperasi disampaikan kepada pejabat dinas koperasi untuk dimintakan pengesahannya, sesuai dengan peraturan yang berlaku.

[3. 0]

Koperasi suatu bentuk badan usaha yang berlandaskan asas kekeluargaan yang tujuannya mensejahterakan para anggotanya. Pemodalan koperasi diperoleh dari patungan sukarela dari para anggotanya yang menjadi simpanan. Beda dengan perusahaan yang menjadi modal adalah berupa saham. Di koperasi pembagian hasil keuntungan disebut SHU / Sisa Hasil Usaha. Jika di perusahaan dinamakan RUPS / Rapat Umum Pemegang Saham. Ada 2 macam ekonomi yang diterapkan di Indonesia; Ekonomi Liberal dan Sosialis. Ekonomi Liberal dimana yang memiliki uang banyak maka dia yang paling banyak dapat keuntungannya. Biasanya mereka mendirikan perusahaan. Jika di Ekonomi Sosialis dimana semua rakyat saling gotong royong saling membantu mensejahterakan satu sama lain. Mereka mendirikan badan usaha Koperasi.  

Tugas Softskill (Karangan Bebas)

Basic Photography Tutorials

Disusun oleh:

MUHAMMAD WACHID A.L.

16213171

1EA22

UNIVERSITAS GUNADARMA

2014

Basic Photography Tutorials

Photography and painting are the same. Each renders imagination in tangible form. The difference is that painters can work completely from imagination, although most of us work from life as a starting point. Both can take lifetimes to master the tools to render imaginations exactly as we intend. With inkjet printing (giclée is the term stolen from painting), they are identical in that each of us is using tools to apply our imagination as physical colors to flat media, often canvas. (I still prefer darkroom, chemically processed media.)

Whether you are a beginner or more experienced with photography, there are some tips that will benefit you and give you better results. Here are some common issues that you may have to deal with and some tips on how you can use them to your advantage.

ISO, APERTURE, SHUTTER SPEED: EXPOSURE TRIANGLE

Apertures and F-stops

Every camera has an aperture. This is the opening that lets the light into the body. The aperture can be anything as simple as a pinhole in a cardboard box, or as complex as an automatic blade system that is in the modern lenses. But simple or complex, they do the same thing.

If you’ve been around cameras a bit, you’ll have noticed something called F-stops. For example, when somebody says that they shot the image at “F8″, it means that their aperture was set to an F-stop of 8. The great thing about this numbering system is that it is a constant number and based upon the length of the lens you are using. In general terms, this means that I can set any camera and lens to F8 and get the same amount of light hitting the sensor.

The aperture also controls what called the “Depth of Field” in an image. This is a photo term for the amount of focus that you have in an image. It is dependent upon the aperture and the distance from your sensor to the main point of focus (your subject). Less depth of field means that you will not have much of the foreground and background in focus. If you’ve ever seen a portrait and the background is all blurry – this due to the F-stop used while taking the photo. Another example is a landscape photo where everything looks.

Unit aperture is the diameter of the aperture blades. Expressed in fractions, commonly written as f / X or 1 / X, where X is the number of aperture. Written on the camera viewfinder often only X number only.

One stop multiplying factor is √ 2 (square root), or trivial 1.4x; f/3.5 aperture means will 1EV brighter than f/5.6 aperture. The greater the number, the darker the picture will be more.

Shutter Speed

This is an easier concept to grasp. Shutter speed is simply the amount of time that the sensor is exposed to light and is controlled by the shutter being opened and then closed. This can range from 1/8000th of a second to 20 minutes or more.

Think of how you could use the shutter speed to your advantage. If you are shooting a photo of a race horse running to the finish line (and making you some money) – you can use a fast shutter speed to freeze the horse in time. Capture the hair flying, the jockey’s face and the tense muscles. Or you could put your camera on a tripod and leave the shutter open for 10 seconds to capture a city scape at night. This is all part of the creative process.

The greater the number, the darker the picture will be more. One stop multiplying factor is 2x, for example, shutter speed 1/100 to 1 EV brighter than shutter speed of 1/200 if the scene and the other settings remain the same.

(EV is a unit of brightness, which means that the difference in brightness 1EV difference caused a different amount of light entering 2X. 1 EV is often referred to as one stop, the term legacy of the first film camera era.)

ISO

ISO is the sensitivity of the sensor. The higher the ISO, the less light it takes to reach a certain brightness. Raising the ISO can be likened to incorporate rocks into the bucket so that the amount of water needed less and less.

ISO ISO is a unit number. One stop multiplying factor is 2x, where ISO 800 will 1EV brighter than ISO 400.

COLOR and WHITE BALANCE

Auto White Balance (AWB)

Even the simplest digital camera will have an Auto White Balance setting – or just have it built in and not tell you. This is the setting that is the catch-all. It will do a good job most of the time. Sometimes, it will even do a great job. Sometimes, it will miss the mark entirely and then you have an off color image.

One thing that makes working with artificial lights is that your eye and brain have built in White Balance correction. If you are looking at a piece of white paper in the office, you’ll see that it looks pretty much white. Your camera will see it a totally different light.

Pre-set White Balance Settings

As you can see in this list, I have a few pre-set options that I can choose from.  If you are going to be shooting in JPG, I recommend that you use the closest setting to the actual light you are in.  This will get you as close as possible.  Each of these settings should be self-explanatory.

Sometimes you will be a situation where you get mixed lights.  You could be inside during the day in a room lit with fluorescent lights as well have daylight coming in through the windows.  Now what?  In most cases, you will want to use Auto and hope that the camera will figure it out for you.  It might not be perfect, but it will be close.

Always check your WB settings each time you pick up the camera for a new session of shooting.

Custom White Balance

A lot of newer DSLR’s will have a Custom WB setting.  This is a great option to use, it’s easy to use and it the most accurate way of getting a WB setting in your camera.  This approach allows you to take a WB reading which the camera will then use for the rest of your photos. Check your camera’s manual to see if you have this option.

I opened these both in Photoshop and did a simple Curves correction to set the white point.  This has given me good color and exposure in one click.  If you look at the concrete that surrounds the card, there is a big difference.  The one on the right is very accurate, while the one on the left makes the concrete look warmer than it it.

I use a translucent white lens cover to take my readings, then start shooting.  This is the cheapest accessory you can get to help your daily photography

In general use, you just take a setting with the white balance cap over your lens and the camera will adjust the WB based upon the color that it reads coming through the cap.

As you can see, cameras have advanced to the point where they can take good photos automatically.  It’s up to you as the photographer to take it to the next level and create great images.  White Balance is important in getting the colors correct – even with a perfect exposure, if your WB is off, your whole image is off.

You can also use the wrong WB on purpose to create an effect.  Try shooting a daylight scene with a Tungsten WB to create a cold feel to your image.  Or use daylight settings under Tungsten light to get a warm look.

Colors are subjective.  Your eye might not see the same as mine, or anyone else’s.  You might think that you have captured the correct colors when you’re actually quite far off.  Take time to learn about the various WB settings that your camera has and use them to your advantage.

HOW TO CHOOSE GOOD ANGLE

If you see something that is interesting to be photographed, the first organ that is necessary to move the feet, not the hands. Why? Because you may need to move around the object used to get the maximum angle and composition. (Of course, this can be ignored if the timing or sikonnya not allow us to move before the shooting.)

For me, the angle and composition are key to getting a good photo. With good composition, a simple object (or even trivial) can be presented with a beautiful. In contrast, the composition or bad angle, the object will look incredible bear or less fit when displayed on the wall.

First of all, I need clarification first what I mean by angle and composition; my definition may be different from other people or even the definition of common sense is used.

Actually, angle and composition refer to the same thing: how a photograph taken / created. Angle refers to the photographers and camera: the direction from which the photograph was taken. While referring to the composition of the picture is: how elements in the photo arranged / organized so as to produce the whole image or a strong draw. Angle determines the composition; as well as to change the composition of the necessary changes in angle.

In general, it can be said the selection of the composition of the angle made before the election. Angle options are numerous: a photographer can decide to surround an object 360 degrees, and sometimes there is an option to take the angle from above or from below. After deciding on which direction he would take pictures, the photographer then raised the camera to his eye, the target object, and menggeser2 little camera to change the location of objects (and other objects, including the foreground or background) to achieve the ideal composition. (Although it did not rule out the photographer turned out to be shifted and changed the angle a little longer to achieve a more ideal composition. Example, because of the angle it turns out that he select the object will be less contrast than the background.)

Well, as if it was a good angle? Good Angle is the angle that can convey what you want to convey with the best.

It might sound simple, but there is an important message that is often forgotten: that you first have to know first what you want to convey. So, the first step is: visualization. In the case of bird photo above, for example, I had the option to take the photo from the front or side (to varying degrees); other than that I was also able to photograph the bird while standing (angle from top to bottom), or I could squat and photographed from the side (parallel). Is it bad angle down? Is the angle of the front of the ugly? I do not know, but that is clearly not what is in my visualization :)

There are several things to consider when choosing the angle.

From which direction the object needs to be photographed to convey what I want to convey?

Imagine you see a homeless person was sleeping on the sidewalk. You have the option to take a picture of the perpendicular side (so that his body across the frame), or from the direction of the head to the feet, or from the direction of the feet to the head; You can shoot so well from top to bottom, or parallel (may need to squat?). Which one is better able to convey what you want to say (the pity, admiration, or just a snapshot of life?).

There are a few "rules" that can be followed on making angle; for example, the angle from top to bottom usually describe XXX, or the angle from the ground up to give the impression of YYY, but I think this thing is not so important to be memorized. We better try it yourself and see the results. I prefer not confine your creativity by teaching that angle like this will produce an impression so. Who knew you could find a use angle different from the effect that had been used :)

What should be used as a background or foreground?

Angle choices affect what goes in the frame, even if only as background out of focus though. In the case of homeless above, if you take a perpendicular angle, then it may be included in your frame is just the homeless and a piece of pavement and wall. If you take a more oblique angle, then perhaps some of the views of the street will also be recorded in your frame.

Background / foreground reinforce what photo?

Is the view of the street will help strengthen your photos? It again depends on what you want to convey. Would you prefer if the picture is simple and contains only the homeless, sidewalks and walls alone? It's up to you :)

Whether the object is quite a contrast with the background?

Photos tend to be stronger if the object can be clearly identified; among others, by making a high enough contrast between the background object.

SPECULATION AND TERMS DSLR CAMERA LENS

Focal length (real and equivalent)

Focal length is the distance of the focus point of the lens. This affects: the width of the field of view lens (FL equivalent), thick sharp space (FL real), and a comparison of the size of the objects are different distances from the lens (FL equivalent). The greater the FL lens, it will be more narrow field of view (as if we approach the object), the more space will sharply narrow (at the same distance and aperture), and distant objects (background) would look more similar in size to the object -close objects (foreground or main object). Size equation is also known as the (effect) compression: because the objects in the back looks not too different-sized objects in the front, they look as though is much closer to each other.

In contrast to the commonly used definition of a layman, lens "zoom" means the lens has a varied FL. For example, in the example above, has a 17-50mm FL. Lens that can make us as if approaching object called a telephoto lens (FFL), and telephoto lenses usually have upwards 135mm FL. On the other hand, it could be also a telephoto lens zoom lens, for example, a lens with a 150-500mm FL (large FLnya = tele, FLnya vary = zoom). The opposite of a telephoto is wide (wide field of view, small FL).

What does it mean FL real and equivalent? FL real meaning of the figure refers to the focal length of the lens itself. FL equivalent of a lens refers to the focal length of the lens when mounted on the camera fullframe will have a field of view (field of view) is the same as the lens (if installed in the camera).

For example: a 50mm lens when mounted on the Olympus PEN cameras will have the same field of view with a 100mm lens on the camera fullframe. Thus, a 50mm lens is said to have the equivalent of a 100mm FL on Olympus PEN cameras. Multiplier (2x) is called "crop factor", which influenced the size of the camera sensor.

Not to be confused, as most who write equivalent FL is a lens mounted on the camera pocket. If you see a write FLnya 28mm pocket camera, FL real likely only around 5mm, and 28mm is equivalent FL.

Not every lens is a zoom lens. There was also a prime lens / fix, which only has one fixed FL. For example, a 50mm lens. The advantages of this 50mm lens is a quality that is (usually) better, and larger maximum aperture. What is the maximum aperture?

Aperture maximum

Most lenses can write the maximum aperture of the lens used. For example, the kit lens / DSLR standard spec which usually have 18-55mm, f/3.5 - 5.6. This spec means, the lens has a range of between 18mm to 55mm FL. In FL 18mm, the lens has a maximum aperture of f/3.5; The FL 55mm lens has a maximum aperture of f/5.6 that.

If a zoom lens has only one aperture numbers are written down, meaning the zoom lens has a maximum aperture the same, regardless of the FL were used. For example, in the example earlier 17-50/2.8 lens, so the lens can be opened up to f/2.8, most of FL wide (17mm) to the telephoto (55mm).

Crop factor

As described above, the camera has a crop factor. For most brands of DSLR, there are only two types of cameras: fullframe (no crop factor, or 1x crop factor) and APS-C 1.5x crop factor which has (Nikon, Sony, Pentax), or 1.6x (Canon). Fullframe camera has a sensor size that is larger than the APS-C. Therefore, the lens used will be different.

Fullframe lens produces images that are more extensive in the area of ​​the sensor, while the APS-C lens produces images that are more narrow, and only enough to cover the field of sensors for APS-C alone. Therefore, fullframe lenses can be used on an APS-C camera, but the lens APS-C cameras can not be used on fullframe. If the APS-C lenses used in camera fullframe, then the result will be vignetting (no black around the photo), because the lens only produces an image in the center of the field of the fullframe sensor. This, too, not all APS-C lens can be mounted on the camera fullframe. Some lenses can be indented too deep to be hit by the movement of the lens in the camera, for example.

Lens crop factor APS-C vs. fullframe is written as: EF-S vs. EF (Canon), DX vs. FX (Nikon), Di II vs. In (Tamron), and so on.

Vibration absorbers

Some lenses have a vibration dampening mechanism. If we hold the camera by hand, the camera will inevitably sway, albeit slightly. In a slow shutter speed, it will wobble visible in the photo. This mechanism allows the lens elements to move against the direction of oscillation / vibration of our hands, thus eliminating judder effect seen in the photos.

Most vibration dampening mechanism to reduce vibration up to 2 stops, which means the rocking effect will be reduced so that it looks as if we shoot with 4x faster shutter speed (equal to 2 stops).

This mechanism is called the IS (Canon), VR (Nikon), VC (Tamron), OS (Sigma), OSS (Sony E), and so on.

Motor / focusing mechanism

Many lens manufacturers are using the motor / mechanism different focusing their lenses. If a lens using a mechanism that is good, this will normally be included in the name of the lens. Good mechanism usually means the lens will be faster when autofocusing, and his voice was more subtle.

This mechanism is called the USM (Canon), SWM (Nikon), USD / PZD (Tamron), HSM (Sigma), SSM (Sony), and so on.

Internal focusing

Lenses typically will rotate and elongate / short during focusing. Internal focusing means the lens does not extend / short or rotating during focusing. This is useful when you use a filter that needs to be used with the same angle, for example, GND or CPL.

Rear focusing

The term means the rear lens in focusing on doing the focusing lens by moving the rear element. This resulted in the focusing is faster and smoother.

Up to this point, virtually all important spec lenses you already know. The next terms are only refers to the technology used in optical elements. The technology affect the outcome photograph, so that should have been listed in the reputation and results of a review of the lens.

Aspherical element

Aspherical lens element indicates that the use of optical elements whose shape is not round (I also do not know exactly). This reduces the effect of the convex on the images, and also allows a more compact lens design and quality.

Low dispersion

Have you ever seen a purplish color (usually) on the edge of the bright regions / white in your photos? This is called color fringing, or color aberration (CA). Low dispersion indicates that the lens has a CA that is less than a lens that does not have a low dispersion.

There are many other terms that refer to various things. Please check each manufacturer's website to see the list.

LANDSCAPE PHOTGRAPHY

Landscape photography has been a popular subject since cameras were first invented. The early cameras required a long shutter speed to expose the glass plates that were in use back then. People often moved during the exposure, but mountains stayed still.

A landscape photograph can be any outdoor scene that you shoot. It can have people in it, or any combination of water, sky and land. Is a cityscape a landscape? Why not? It has different elements, but the questions that I asked above would still apply to a cityscape photo. Really, a landscape is just about any outdoor image that does not ‘feature’ a person (that would be a portrait) and gives the viewer some information about the environment.

Think about how far you have to travel to take a landscape photograph. For me it’s about 1 mile or less. I live in Jakarta and love to shoot landscapes out here. Jakarta isn’t a hot spot for photographers like Papua with its amazing coastline or  its majestic mountain views. In fact most people that drive through Jakarta would call it ‘boring’. That’s my challenge. I like to show people that the area around me can be beautiful and interesting.

Plan your image

Now that you’re ready to shoot a landscape, and you’re out in the field: what are you going to shoot? Look around you in all directions. What feature strikes you the most? Is it the sky and clouds? An interesting rock formation? The pattern in the fields? The mountains in the distance? It could be anything and everything. What do you ‘feel’ when you are there?

Like any kind of photography, there are some rules that we can look at in landscape photography. One of the most common and a great one to learn with is to think of the ‘depth’ of your image. Look for a foreground, something a little further back and a background. Try using three layers to help you compose your image.

What the foreground object(s) does is help bring your viewer into the image. This is not always easy to find, but it is worth looking for. What is your foreground?

The Rule of Thirds

There are a few general rules in Photography, but I like to think of them more as guidelines.  You don’t have to follow these rules to get great photos, but they can help you when you’re trying to figure out a shot.  I’ll use a few in these lessons, and this is one of the most common.

The ‘Rule of Thirds’ is a composition tool that tells you divided the scene into thirds both horizontally and vertically.  For example, if you shoot a sunset, you could put the horizon line in the dead center of your photo, or you could raise or lower it.  Try experimenting with different placements of your horizon and see what works and what doesn’t.

May be useful :)